AI Summary

Pancreatic cancer is highly aggressive and hard to treat because the tumor is surrounded by dense tissue that blocks therapy and dampens immune activity. This surrounding tissue, called the tumor microenvironment, can make up to 90 % of the tumor mass and includes supporting cells, blood vessels, and immune cells. Cancer‑associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are mutated connective‑tissue cells that form scar‑like structures and actively suppress the body’s immune response. Their activity promotes tumor growth and spread, rendering many immunotherapies that work for other cancers ineffective.

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