AI Summary

The European Union has endured recessions, revolutions, internal splits and external threats while witnessing the Iron Curtain’s collapse and shifts in the global order. Today it confronts a “dizzying array” of challenges: Russia’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine is draining budgets, disrupting supply chains and endangering the EU’s cohesion; Washington’s increasingly confrontational policies are straining trans‑Atlantic ties; and China’s predatory economic practices are undermining Europe’s export sector. In addition, stagnant growth, soaring energy costs and a persistent migration crisis are eroding public confidence and unity across the continent.

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